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a b Glatson, A. R. (1994). "The Red Panda or Lesser Panda ( Ailurus fulgens)" (PDF). Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group. pp.8, 12. ISBN 2-8317-0046-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 7 July 2020.

Four out of six great apes one step away from extinction – IUCN Red List". 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016. Antón, M.; Salesa, M. J.; Pastor, J. F.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006). "Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 757–764. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x. PMC 2049003. PMID 17118063. Red pandas are long-day breeders, reproducing after the winter solstice as daylight grows longer. Mating thus takes place from January to March, with births occurring from May to August. Reproduction is delayed by six months for captive pandas in the southern hemisphere. Oestrous lasts a day, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, but it is not known how long the intervals between each cycle last. [71]a b Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, A. & Hu, J. (1999). "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens". Journal of Zoology. 248 (4): 535–541. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x. Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Vol.5. Paris: A. Belin. p.LII 1–3. Giant Panda". Discovery Communications, LLC. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2010. For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons. [17] However in 1985, molecular studies indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family Ursidae. [18] [19] These studies show it diverged about 19million years ago from the common ancestor of the Ursidae; [20] it is the most basal member of this family and equidistant from all other extant bear species. [21] [20] The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil. [22] Etymology Panda cubs a b W., Lynne (July 2006). "Pandas, Inc". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2008.

a b c d e f Fisher, R. E. (2021). "Red Panda anatomy". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.81–93. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243824295. The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15cm (4 to 6in), is the second-longest in the bear family, behind the sloth bear. [40]

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Later and more advanced ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an omnivorous or herbivorous diet. The earliest known true panda is Magerictis from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple crown but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed tooth cusps like later species. [21] Later ailurines include Pristinailurus bristoli which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene [21] [22] and species of the genus Parailurus which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America. [21] [23] These animals are classified as a sister taxon to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp premolars. [21] [22] [24] Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus". Nature. 265 (5595): 621–623. Bibcode: 1977Natur.265..621T. doi: 10.1038/265621a0. S2CID 4214900. a b c d Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z. & Hu, J. (2000). "Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda". Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (2): 448–455. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2. The red panda prefers microhabitats within 70–240m (230–790ft) of water sources. [49] [50] [51] [52] Fallen logs and tree stumps are important habitat features, as they facilitate access to bamboo leaves. [53] Red pandas have been recorded to use steep slopes of more than 20° and stumps exceeding a diameter of 30cm (12in). [49] [51] Red pandas observed in Phrumsengla National Park used foremost easterly and southerly slopes with a mean slope of 34° and a canopy cover of 66 per cent that were overgrown with bamboo about 23m (75ft) in height. [50] In Dafengding Nature Reserve, it prefers steep south-facing slopes in winter and inhabits forests with bamboo 1.5–2.5m (4ft 11in– 8ft 2in) tall. [54] In Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, it inhabits mixed coniferous forest with a dense canopy cover of more than 75 per cent, steep slopes and a density of at least 70 bamboo plants/m 2 (6.5 bamboo plants/sqft). [55] In some parts of China, the red panda coexists with the giant panda. In Fengtongzhai and Yele National Nature Reserves, red panda microhabitat is characterised by steep slopes with lots of bamboo stems, shrubs, fallen logs and stumps, whereas the giant panda prefers gentler slopes with taller but lesser amounts of bamboo and less habitat features overall. Such niche separation lessens competition between the two bamboo-eating species. [49] [53] Behaviour and ecology Red panda sleeping on a tree

The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that while the ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. microta. [67] [68] Genome sequencing of the giant panda suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of the sole umami taste receptor, encoded by the genes TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 (also known as T1R1 and T1R3), resulting from two frameshift mutations within the T1R1 exons. [69] Umami taste corresponds to high levels of glutamate as found in meat and may have thus altered the food choice of the giant panda. [70] Although the pseudogenisation (conversion into a pseudogene) of the umami taste receptor in Ailuropoda coincides with the dietary switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. [68] [69] [70] The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to 4.2 mya [68] while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species at least 7 mya, [67] signifying that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the dietary switch was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function. bear cat" or "cat bear" (in Chinese)". 聯合報. 29 December 1987. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015. giant panda (mammal) – Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2017. Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23867-2. Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala [71] and Fargesia rufa. [72] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less. [73]

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a b c Salesa, M. J.; Peigné, S.; Antón, M. & Morales, J. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.15–29. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed "panda diplomacy". [123] Tanaka, A. & Ogura, T. (2018). "Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan". Zoo Biology. 37 (2): 107–114. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21407. PMID 29512188.

Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, S.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda ( A. fulgens) in eastern Himalayas". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 65. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6. PMC 7794540. PMID 33420314. The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity. [52] A female named Jia Jia was the oldest giant panda ever in captivity; she was born in 1978 and died at an age of 38 on 16 October 2016. [53] Pathologya b c d e f Glatston, A.; Wei, F.; Than Zaw & Sherpa, A. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. " Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T714A110023718 . Retrieved 15 January 2022. Api Nampa Conservation Area, Khaptad National Park, Rara National Park, Annapurna Conservation Area, Manaslu Conservation Area, Langtang National Park, Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Sagarmatha National Park, Makalu Barun National Park, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area [36] The sauce is made up from the zest of half an orange, juice of two oranges, soy sauce, garlic, ginger, sugar (to counteract the acidity in the orange juice and zest), and rice vinegar - to add a little zing. Thapa, A.; Hu, Y. & Wei, F. (2018). "The endangered Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range". Biological Conservation. 220: 112–121. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.014.